In today’s import repair market, it’s not uncommon to see a vehicle with well over 200,000 miles on the odometer that still is in cosmetically and mechanically “great” condition. The importance of this trend is that many parts that were formerly being replaced on an as-needed basis are now being replaced on a preventive basis. Water pumps are a good example because they serve as an idler pulley on many engines equipped with timing belts and, due to accessibility issues on many transverse engines, should be replaced during any major timing cover service (See Photo 1).
WATER PUMP DESIGN
A water pump is a relatively simple component consisting of a driven shaft, bearing, seal, impellor and impellor housing. While the shaft, impellor and housing are considered non-expendable components, the bearing and seal are expendable. Most water pumps have a life expectancy of 100,000 miles or more and all become candidates for replacement when the bearing becomes noisy or when the seal begins dripping coolant through the impellor housing “weep” vent (See Photo 2).
In general, water pumps are driven at or slightly above crankshaft speed. Because water pumps aren’t a positive displacement design, centrifugal force is required to force coolant through the engine’s water jackets. The pump’s ability to pump a high volume of coolant, therefore, depends upon the speed of the pump and its ability to move fluid without excess cavitation or turbulence.
It’s important to never under-estimate the degree that pump impellor and housing design contributes to water pump efficiency. To illustrate, cavitation occurs when a “bubble” begins to form at the back of the pump impellor as the impellor circulates through the coolant. Cavitation not only undermines overall pumping efficiency, but can cause excessive erosion of the impellor and impellor housing. Excessive turbulence occurs when the impellor doesn’t smoothly accelerate the coolant into the engine’s water jackets. For this reason, substituting a pump with a stamped-steel “paddle wheel” impellor in place of a pump with a machined or cast impellor isn’t a recommended practice (See Photo 3).
Conventional cooling systems use a water pump to draw coolant from the lower radiator outlet and force it into the water jacket surrounding the engine’s cylinders. The coolant absorbs heat from the cylinders, circulates into the cylinder heads and then exits from the cylinder head into the upper portion of the radiator.
A few modern engines use a reverse-flow system that draws coolant from the engine block, forces it through the lower portion of the radiator, then forces the coolant exiting from the upper radiator outlet into the cylinder heads. The advantage of reverse-flow systems is that, if the cylinder heads operate at slightly lower temperatures, a higher compression ratio can be used to create better combustion efficiency.
The coolant bypass system allows the water pump to circulate coolant throughout the engine and warm the engine assembly evenly while the thermostat is closed. Some cooling systems might also utilize the heater circuit as a bypass system to allow the engine assembly to warm up evenly.
COOLING SYSTEM PRESSURE
Modern cooling systems remove heat from the engine assembly by using a water pump to circulate coolant through the engine block and cylinder heads. The hot coolant then releases excess heat into the atmosphere as it circulates through the radiator core.
Because the hottest temperatures are found around the cylinder head combustion chamber and exhaust ports, many engine designers use passages stamped into the cylinder head gasket to meter coolant flow into these critical areas. To prevent localized boiling or vaporization of coolant, the radiator cap is designed to increase and regulate cooling system pressure. The higher the cooling system pressure, the higher the boiling point of the coolant and, if the pressure is released, the coolant actually begins boiling around the exhaust port and combustion chamber areas.
WATER PUMP PRESSURE
A water pump also contributes to the coolant pressure present in the engine block and cylinder heads by forcing coolant against a restriction like that provided by the thermostat. In addition to normal cooling system pressure, the pressure of the water pump forcing coolant against the thermostat tends to inhibit boiling in the cylinder head area.
Because the water pump is very efficient in creating additional pressure throughout the cylinder head and engine block, many performance engine builders have, for years, replaced the thermostat with a restrictor disc to increase water pump pressure in the cylinder heads. When installing a performance radiator or cooling system, it’s important that the radiator pressure cap be located on the inlet side of the water pump. This prevents the water pump from forcing the radiator cap open when the cooling system is fully pressurized. Horizontal core radiators have completely replaced vertical core radiators for this reason. If the radiator cap momentarily releases pressure under severe operating conditions, the engine’s coolant essentially flash-boils and will continue to do so until the engine cools down.
DIAGNOSTIC OVERVIEW
As mentioned earlier, the expendable parts in a water pump are the bearing and seal. In most cases, the lubricant in the water pump bearing eventually oxidizes or leaches away, which causes the bearing to become noisy and ultimately fail from lack of lubrication. If the water pump supports a mechanical fan, a dynamic imbalance in the fan assembly caused by a missing or bent metal fan blade, or by a severely cracked and distorted molded plastic fan assembly, can shorten bearing life. In addition, the fan shroud should be securely mounted to prevent air turbulence from creating undue stress on the fan blades and water pump bearing. If the engine is equipped with a mechanically driven fan clutch, the clutch bearings should rotate smoothly and without an excess of wobble or end play.
While a small amount of “dry” seepage around the seal drainage hole might be considered normal, the seep will turn into a drip when the seal becomes defective. Some seals might develop an intermittent leak because they tend to seal better when warm than when cold or vice-versa. Rusty or dirt-contaminated coolant tends to accelerate seal wear simply because the seal is exposed to abrasive particles suspended in the coolant.
In some instances, auto manufacturers claim that their coolant antifreeze lubricates and protects seals better than generic replacements. While this claim might be subject to debate, it’s always best to replace the old, contaminated coolant with the OE or OE-equivalent coolant when replacing the water pump.
WATER PUMP CIRCULATION TEST
Once in a great while, a water pump might be built with a plastic impellor that slips on the shaft or with a stamped-steel impellor that sheds blades into the engine’s water jacket. The result is that the pump might be circulating an insufficient amount of coolant.
If a defective water pump is suspected, a good way to test water pump pressure is to remove the hot-water hose leading to the heater core assembly and adapt a low-pressure gauge to fit in the hose end (See Photo 4).
A good water pump impellor will cause the pressure to increase as the engine is accelerated. If pressure does not increase, the impellor is slipping on the shaft or is missing impellor blades. In general, a good water pump should develop at least 10 psi of pressure above 2,000 rpm. The pressure can easily exceed 20 psi if the water pump doesn’t have an additional bypass circuit. In one example I tested, coolant pressures were about 3 psi at idle speed and 20 psi at 2,000 rpm. Pressures obviously vary according to engine design and configuration, so collecting a database on coolant pressures is a must, especially for the nameplate specialist.
