David W. Gilbert, PhD.
Professor of Automotive Technology
Southern Illinois University Carbondale
Testimony for the Committee on Energy and Commerce,
Sub-Committee on Oversight Investigations
Toyota Sudden Unintended Acceleration
February 23, 2010
Chairman Waxman, Sub‐Committee Chairman Stupak and the honorable members of the Committee on
Energy and Commerce, thank you for holding this important hearing and allowing me the opportunity to
testify before you today.
I have been a technical educator involved with automotive diagnostics and trouble shooting for almost 30 years. I have been witness to many evolutionary changes over that
time. When I first began teaching in 1981 at Northeastern Oklahoma A&M College,
electronic fuel‐injected vehicles were relatively new technology. Over the years, automotive
technology has continued to progress from fundamental mechanical systems to more
sophisticated electrical and electronic systems. Now, as an automotive technical educator
at Southern Illinois University Carbondale (SIUC), I have found electrical diagnostic skills to
be supremely important diagnosing and repairing modern vehicles. And, I have spent many
hours studying and analyzing new electrical circuits and components. Based on my
knowledge of real world failures of components, I purposely duplicate multiple types of
electrical problems in donated vehicles for my students to study and diagnose. This
provides my students an opportunity to analyze wiring schematics and service information,
and actively solve diagnostic problems. SIUC Automotive Technology graduates have found
employment in virtually every aspect in the automotive industry. Students graduating from
SIUC have the technical skills to work closely with automotive design engineers to ensure
reliable vehicle service in real‐world situations. I believe the exemplary student placement
record, is a result of the academic rigor of the program and the emphasis on technical
problem solving.
It stands to reason, that my daily teaching responsibilities would include the
application and understanding of electronic throttle control diagnostics. I have the unique
perspective in my employment, to research and study multiple vehicles and electronic
throttle control system designs. In this preliminary report, my initial findings question the integrity and consistency of Toyota Electronic Control Modules to detect potential
electronic throttle control system circuit malfunctions. The absence of a stored diagnostic
trouble code in the vehicle’s computer is no guarantee that a problem does not exist. I
instruct all my automotive students with this fundamental statement: You can have a code
with no problem ‐ and a problem with no code.
My curiosity in the Toyota electronic throttle control system began simply with a
search for the truth concerning sudden unintended acceleration. I recently purchased a
2010 Toyota Tundra, and with the growing attention in the media to what seemed to be
increasing events of sudden unintended acceleration, I made the decision to investigate the
foundation of these claims on my own. Based on my working knowledge of electronic
throttle controls, I did not expect to the system to be easily fooled without detecting a
circuit fault and setting a diagnostic trouble code. It was late one evening when I made a
startling discovery; electrical circuit faults could be introduced into the electronic throttle
control system without setting a diagnostic trouble code. This discovery opened a window
of opportunity within the electronic throttle control system for a potential problem with no
code.
Without a diagnostic trouble code set, the vehicle computer wil l not logically enter
into a fail‐safe mode of operation. All vehicle manufacturers have recognized the
importance for electronic throttle control systems to perform exactly as they intended.
Since the vehicle computer will only react to defective sensor inputs outside of the range of
programmed limitations if the circuit is not defective; it must be good. Knowing that
properly operating electronic throttle control system circuits and components are vital to
safe vehicle operation, I proceeded to investigate the problem with more urgency. Because
of its important role to accurately convey vehicle driver demands for throttle opening,
accelerator pedal sensor voltage inputs need to be confirmable by the vehicles computer as
absolutely correct. A complete or partial failure of these electrical circuits, sensors, wiring,
or actuators in combination with an absence of fail‐safe strategies could potentially result in
a runaway engine.
The importance of these issues raised in the electronic throttle control system fail‐
safe strategies should not be underestimated. Sudden unintended acceleration of a vehicle
is a very serious safety concern that should be addressed without delay.
Vehicle manufacturers clearly recognized the important requirement for ETC
systems to perform exactly as they intended. A failure of the electrical circuits, sensors,
wiring, or actuators could potentially result in a runaway engine. Electronic Throttle
Control (ETC) systems needed the added redundancy of certain sensors and electrical
circuits to ensure safe and reliable operation. In addition, the ECM’s were programmed to
detect operational abnormalities or defects in ETC components and their related electrical
circuits. The intent was to build an ETC system that would always fail‐safe in the event of
potential problem.
The purpose of my research study was to contribute to a better understanding of
electronic throttle control system malfunctions and the fail‐safe detection capabilities of
selected vehicles equipped with electronic throttle controls. More specifically, this research
examined the fail‐safe detection capabilities of electrical circuitry designed to prevent
sudden or unintended acceleration of electronic throttle controlled vehicles manufactured
by Toyota Motor Co. The Accelerator Pedal Position (APP) sensor was identified in the
review of manufacturers’ service literature as a significantly important ETC input for all
vehicles used in the study. Since vehicle driver demands are electrically conveyed through
this high priority sensor, basic testing was focused on the APP sensor, voltages, and
associated wiring circuits. A secondary purpose was to identify areas of further research of
ETC fail‐safe detection capabilities of Toyota Motor Co. vehicles and other vehicle brands.
This limited analysis attempted to identify and characterize potential safety concerns of
Toyota Motor Co. vehicles, as well as other vehicle manufacturers using electronic throttle
control systems.
After completing preliminary tests for Accelerator Pedal Position (APP) sensor
signal voltages for the Toyota Electronic Throttle System I examined, it was determined that
Electronic Control Module (ECM) malfunction detection strategies were not sufficient to
identify all types of fundamental APP sensor and/or circuit malfunctions. Some types of
Electronic Throttle Control (ECT) circuit malfunctions were detectable by the ECM, and
some were not. Most importantly, the Toyota detection strategi es were unable to identify
malfunctions of the APP sensor signal inputs to the ECM. APP sensor signal circuits must be
undeniably correct to electrically convey the appropriate driver commands to the ECM.
With the two APP sensor signals shorted together through a varying range of
resistances, all four Toyota vehicles tested thus far reacted similarly and were unable to detect the purposely induced abnormality.
The types of signal faults introduced into the APP circuit should have triggered the vehicles’ ECM to illuminate a warning lamp within
seconds. The ECM should have then set a Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC), entered the
vehicle fail‐safe mode, and reduced engine speed and/or power. When the two APP signal
circuits are shorted together, the redundancy of the APP circuit design is effectively nullified
and lost. In other words, neither of the shorted APP signal circuits can be verified by the
ECM as either; correct or incorrect. The condition then exists for a serious concern for
driver safety. In the tested Toyota ETC vehicles, incorrect or corrupted APP sensor signal
inputs could potentially result in unwanted engine speeds. Additional research should be
done to determine if other vehicle manufacturers may have similar inconsistencies in ETC
circuit fault detection.
Using shorted APP signal circuit fault conditions purposely installed on the test
vehicles, and with known resistance values that would not set a DTC, vehicle operational
behaviors were also noted. It was observed that all test vehicles could be operated without
the ECM detecting the induced malfunction. Depending on the resistance value of the APP
signal circuit fault, a vehicle may or may not experience noticeable changes in accelerator
pedal operational behavior. Observed accelerator pedal operational characteristics
included: normal response, sluggish response, and travel with i nconsistent engine speeds.
It is conceivable that a driver of an ETC vehicle may not notice that an APP sensor and/or
circuit malfunction currently exists. Without the aid of an illuminated MIL, a driver could be
unaware of electrical problems within the ETC system. In addition, the shorted APP signal
circuits were connected momentarily to the sensor’s five‐volt supply circuit with the vehicle
in drive. In all test vehicles, the ECM did not set a DTC and the engine speed increased
rapidly to full throttle. This result shows that unusual or sudden unintended acceleration of
the vehicle was possible in the ETC test vehicles. It should be noted that in all test vehicle
cases, the electronic throttle valve instantaneously moved to wide‐open position when the
fault was introduced. More research should be done to determine the extent of Toyota ETC
vehicles that could be affected by this condition.
In review of the Toyota service information, collected vehicle data, and performance
observations; some general assumptions can be drawn from the research completed to date.
The inability of the Toyota ECM to detect certain types of short circuit malfunctions could
fall back to the basic design of the normal APP signal voltage limitations. The parameters for APP signal short circuit fault detection are apparently too lenient. In the Toyota ETC
system, the APP sensor signal voltages rise simultaneously in direct response to accelerator
pedal depression. With this design, interconnected signal circuits could be more difficult to
identify with a circuit fault detection strategy that uses only threshold voltage limitations.
In this preliminary report, the initial findings question the integrity and consistency
of Toyota ECMs to detect potential ETC system circuit malfuncti ons. The importance of
these issues raised in the ETC system fail‐safe strategies should not be underestimated.
While the small sample of Toyota vehicles cannot be representative of all, these primary
findings most certainly warrant further investigation and study. Additional Toyota vehicles
of different build years and models should be evaluated for their capabilities of ETC system
circuit malfunction detection.
A second recommendation should be a thorough technical investigation and
evaluation of ETC fail‐safe strategies of Toyota, and possibly other vehicle manufacturers,
that experience sudden unintended acceleration that do not appear to be caused by floor‐
mats or sticking pedals. Priority would be studies of identified vehicles with a high
incidence of ETC system related incidences, concerns, or failures involving sudden
unintended acceleration.